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THE BRITIONARY

GLOSSARY OF BRITISMS, RHYMING SLANG AND OTHER IDIOMS


This BRITIONARY has been compiled (and is being regularly expanded and updated) by Jennifer Jane Pope and is available for electronic reproduction on the Internet, free of charge, provided that it is accredited to the author and permission is first requested by e-mail from: jenny@avid-diva.demon.co.uk . A link to the Storybook World of Jennifer Jane Pope is included here and at the end of the Britionary.

Various Appendices have been and will be added at the end, starting with and including a short Appendix on British Police Ranks and Protocols. Any reader(s) with further questions or suggestions should e-mail the author at the address shown above.


A BRIEF INTRODUCTION ...

It is more than likely that some of the expressions listed here have already been absorbed into the language in certain areas of the USA, but this list has been compiled on the basis of "better safe than sorry". I've also included the odd Australian expression that is passing into English usage, just for additional information and possible interest.

In compiling this glossary so far, I couldn't fail to notice that a large percentage of the expressions requiring "translation" refer to bodily parts, bodily functions, police and criminal activity and expressions of derision. I'm sure it's not me, so there must be a moral in there somewhere!


AND ON TO THE GLOSSARY ...

Adam's Ale water
ale forerunner of beer, brewed without hops. Still popular, especially in northern and rural pubs and "real ale" pubs in many cities elsewhere.
allotment small patches of ground in urban areas, rented out to residents by local authorities for the purpose of growing vegetables and flowers.
almonds (almond rocks) socks. Cockney rhyming slang.
'arris (harris) Slang term for one's backside (ie: I kicked him in his 'arris.) Basically a phonetic corruption of the word "arse", so a half-hearted attempt at being polite!
arvo afternoon (Australian)
banged up locked up - usually in jail or a police cell and a reference to the banging of cell doors.
barm pot (barmy) foolish or mad.
barnet hair - Cockney rhyming slang: Barnet Fair = hair.
bashing the bishop male masturbation (navy slang).
beer tokens slang term for money, most usually applied for smaller sums received for doing odd jobs outside a person's normal work field, frequently paid "cash-in-hand" and not declared for tax purposes.
bent dishonest. Favourite expression is "Bent as a nine bob note." This refers to nine shillings in pre-decimal money and a nine shilling note was never printed, let alone circulated. This same expression can also be used to intimate that someone is gay.
Bill, The (Old) Slang term for police. Several of these in Britain - slang terms, that is, as well as policemen!
bizzies (busies) Liverpool (Scouse) slang for police.
blag to steal, trick, lie, etc
blag (a, noun) a blag is the term used by police and villains to describe a robbery - usually an armed robbery or raid.
blighter unscrupulous person, a cad, or bounder. Probably from the word "blight", the potato blight being particularly prevalent in Britain (especially Ireland) in centuries past.
bob old shilling (twelve pennies) in pre-decimal money. (See also Appendix II - old money).
bobby slang term for policeman (after Sir Robert Peel, founder of the Metropolitan police in 19th century England.)
bog(s) lavatory (usually gents).
bonce head
bonkers mad, acting stupidly or irresponsibly
boot (of car) trunk in US
bonnet (of car) The hood in US
braces used for holding up trousers. Referred to as suspenders in USA. (See "suspender (belt)" below.)
bottle courage, daring, bravado - sometimes foolishly.
brick reliable, trustworthy person.
brief nickname in underworld slang for a lawyer. (See Appendix III, below.)
bristols (Bristol Cities) Breasts. Cockney rhyming slang - Bristol Cities = titties (Bristol City is the name of one of the two soccer clubs in the port of Bristol. For those who are interested, the other team is Bristol Rovers.
bubble From Cockney rhyming slang: Bubble and squeak = Greek (person)
bubble and squeak bubble and squeak is an English favourite, a fry-up of leftover vegetables.
bug rake hair comb
bumper (of car) fender in US
bung bribe, or "backhander", illicit payment made, usually to an official or person in influential position, in return for favour, information, or influence (winning of official contracts, etc). The word "bung" is also used, colloquially, to mean "throw", as in "bung me over that pencil", so the use of bung to mean graft probably stems from that. To "bung up" means to clog, or block, from the proper definition of the word as a stopper in a bottle or cask.
bun in the oven pregnant, e.g.: "She's got a bun in the oven."
busies See "bizzies" (above)
butcher's (hook) Cockney rhyming slang: "Take (have) a butcher's (hook)" = "Take (have) a look." Used generally in the shortened form, "butcher's", but occasionally heard used as "butcher's hook" in entirety.
caravanette small mobile home or RV.
chemist (shop) The approximate equivalent of the US drug store, includes a pharmacy for the dispensing of prescription drugs and medication.
china (my old ..) friend, mate. Cockney rhyming slang: China plate = mate.
chippy (chippie) carpenter/general woodworker
chippy fish and chip shop
chips French fried potatoes (except that traditional English chips bought from the Chippy leave French fries standing, but then I'm a Brit, so very biased.)
chook chicken. (Australian)
chopper penis (slang).
chops/choppers "choppers" is a term still used to describe teeth, especially false teeth and the term "chops" refers to the mouth, cheeks and jaw area, as in: "She gave him a right smack round the chops", meaning a slap or punch to the lower facial area.
chuck term of endearment or affection, Lancashire in origin. Pronounced "chook", but not to be confused with chickens!
chunder (verb) to be sick, vomit. (Australian).
cloth ears intimating that someone is deliberately pretending not to hear something. "Oi, cloth-ears, didn't you hear me tell you to wash that car down?"
Cockney East Londoner, born within the sound of Bow Bells. (Or now anywhere within those environs.)
cocky over confident, brash.
coldie cooled can of drink, preferably alcoholic and more usually lager (Australian).
collared caught. To "collar" a criminal in police jargon is to arrest him.
conk nose
Cor blimey expression of surprise - contraction of old expression "God Blind Me!"
cove largely out of fashion now, refers to a male, as in: "He's a strange cove". Dating back to the 16th century, it is thought perhaps to come from the Romany, cofe or kova, meaning man.
cream crackered totally exhausted - "cream crackered" = knackered. Cockney rhyming slang. See knackers below.
crim criminal (noun) (possibly imported from Australia)
crisps potato chips
crook poorly, unwell, ill - usually used to describe mild ailments .(Australian)
crumpet slang - attractive female
cushty (kushty) good ... said to come from the Romany. Kushty bok = good luck
dag (Australian) unworthy, untrustworthy, unpleasant person (corr. of dog).
daisies (daisy roots) boots. Cockney rhyming slang.
dial face (of person). Slang.
dibbles slang. Police - usually lower ranking officers.
dicky dirt shirt. Cockney rhyming slang.
dinlo (dinnie) foolish or backward person.
dinner jacket tuxedo. Sometimes referred to in England as a DJ, not to be confused with a disc jockey!
divvy slang (from Romany) - stupid, idiotic, thoughtless.
dob (in) (Australian) To dob in - to tell tales on, put blame on someone.
dog (dog and bone) telephone. Cockney rhyming slang.
doolaly mentally unbalanced, mad. Slang term derived from the Indian town of Deolaly, near Bombay, where soldiers waited to be shipped home. It symbolises boredom, but later there was a hospital built at Deolaly for shell shock victims.
doughnut foolish or silly person.
dork idiot.
drongo (Australian) stupid or dull-witted person
dunny (Australian) lavatory.
estate car station wagon.
faff (verb) to dither.
fanny vagina (not backside, as in USA)
fanny about prevaricate, dither, waste time.
fag cigarette
fag (in the old English Public Schools system, fags were younger boys who were detailed to run errands and do menial tasks for the senior boys. Still in use in one or two schools, but mostly now only seen and heard in period novels.)
floors (of buildings) In the UK, the first storey of a building is called the Ground Floor, then first floor, second floor, etc, whereas in the USA the first storey is called the first floor. Therefore, the second floor of a building in England would be the third floor in the USA.
florin largely obsolete term. Two shilling coin in pre-decimal money. (SeeAppendix II, below)
FOS very large ("Fuck Off Sized!")
frog road. Cockney rhyming slang. Frog and toad = road.
gander (take a) slang. To take a look.
garter frilled tie (now elasticated usually) for fastening around the thigh to hold up a stocking. A garter belt is generally known as a suspender belt in UK.
gas to chatter or gossip
gas-bag overly verbose person or habitual gossip
geezer colloquial - a man.
giro (giro day) Now used almost colloquially to describe a lot of state benefit payments - a bank giro order is sent to unemployed people and those on state benefits and they can either deposit in their bank account or cah over the counter of a specified post office. People refer to their "giro day", as the day when their money comes in the post.
grockle term used by locals to describe holidaymakers to their town or city.
grot, grotty unpleasant looking - grot would apply to anything worthless and ugly.
hack it manage to do it. "Yes, it's difficult, but I think I can hack it."
half a crown two shillings and sixpence in pre-decimal money, sometimes referred to as "two and six" or "two and a tanner". See tanner below. (See also Appendix II - old money).
hampton penis. Cockney rhyming slang - Hampton Wick = prick, or dick. (Hampton Wick is an area of London).
handbag Referred to as a ladies' purse in US. Usually ten times as large on the inside as it appears from the outside. The idea for Dr Who's Tardis was taken from this phenomenum of nature! Contents vary and should be approached with extreme caution and suspicion.
hooter nose
hussy brazen or loose woman.
"I'll go to the foot of our stairs!" Expression of surprise or amazement.
Irish screwdriver hammer.
Jack and Jill hill. Cockney rhyming slang: Jack and Jill = hill. Also used to refer to the till in a shop.
jacks five pounds (money)
jacksie (jaxie, jaxy) back side, buttocks, bottom.
jam jar car. Cockney rhyming slang.
jimmy (riddle) to urinate. Cockney rhyming slang: Jimmy Riddle = piddle. See piddle, below.
kecks underpants (can be male or female, but more usually male).
khazi (carzey) lavatory. Either from Italian, or thought also to be from Hindi.
kite look. Take a kite = take a look.
kiting obtaining money by deception, using stolen cheques in retail outlets (now also sometimes used to include credit card fraud in shops).
knackers testicles.
knackered totally exhausted. See knackers yard below.
knackers yard slaughter house, usually for broken down or worn out old horses.
knocked up pregnant (generally pregnant without intent)
ladder run (as in stockings or tights (pantyhose)
ladette modern slang - girl who acts with a "laddish" attitude - drinking, smoking, swearing, etc.
lag (old lag) habitual criminal with prison record.
leak (take a .. ) urinate.
leg it make a run for it.
leg over slang - having sexual intercourse.
loopy slightly mad, illogical.
lughole ear
malt . unflattering term for a female.
mince pies (minces) eyes. Cockney rhyming slang.
Mother's Ruin gin. Expression first used in Victorian times, referring to the belief that the consumption of large quantities of gin brought on spontaneous abortions in the early stages of pregnancy.
moody suspicious, not genuine - "a moody deal" - deal in which one of the parties is likely to be cheated in some way or other.
mucker close friend or workmate (military slang.)
muggins fall guy. Drawer of the short straw - usually used by someone to describe his/her self, as in, "Muggins here will have to do it, I suppose?"
muller (verb) to murder, or to beat so badly as to leave very near to death. Underworld slang.
mung to rummage through an assortment of items, possessions, generally in a careless manner.
nadgers testicles
nail laquer nail polish
nob posh or aristocratic. probably a corruption of the Indian term nawab (a ruler or high dignitary), first contracted to nabob.
nosh food - generally plain and wholesome fare. To nosh = to eat, sometimes indecorously.
offie see "off licence", below.
off licence store for the sale of intoxicating liquor to be drunk off the premises
off one's rocker mad, talking or acting stupidly.
on your bike slang - get on your bike = get out of here and quickly.
pavement sidewalk
pee (piddle) to urinate. See Jimmy (Riddle) above, and piddle, below.
pen and ink stink. Cockney rhyming slang: Pen and ink = stink. Can be shortened as in: "It doesn't half pen in here."
petrol gasolene
piddle to urinate. Interestingly, the term piddle, also used to describe urinating, originally meant " a small stream" and there are still towns in Dorset - Piddlehampton and Piddletrenthide, which have recently changed back froma former change of name, when Victorian prudery saw them called Puddlehampton, etc.
pissed drunk
pissed off considerably annoyed and probably frustrated by it
plates feet. Cockney rhyming slang: Plates of meat = feet.
plod (Mr Plod) slang term for policeman
plonker penis, or stupid person. To act like a plonker is to act stupidly.
police ranks British police ranks vary from their US counterparts incredibly. For the benefit of one or two writers I know like to set crime stories in Britain, there is a separate appendix at the end of this glossary.
pony Cockney rhyming slang: Pony and trap = crap. This can be used when "crap" refers either to something being worthless, or the act of going to the lavatory.
porky (porkies) Cockney rhyming slang. Pork(y) pie = lie (untruth). Telling porkies = lying.
prat(t) idiot, someone acting stupidly.
pudding club (in the) being pregnant, eg: "She's in the pudding club."
purse (ladies) referred to in the US as a pocketbook sometimes. Small receptacle for holding money and loose change, possibly keys and other small items. Often carried in a handbag, which is referred to as a purse in US.
quids in making a profit on a deal, generally a profit guaranteed well before the completion of a transaction. (quid = slang name for pound sterling).
rag and bone man see totter below.
ratted (rat-arsed) completely drunk.
razzle (go on the) go on a drinking spree, usually in a crowd.
rosie/rosie lee tea. Cockney rhyming slang.
rub-a-dub (dub) pub. Cockney rhyming slang.
Ruby (Murray) curry. Cockney rhyming slang - "Ruby Murray" = curry. For those who don't know, Ruby Murray was a famous singer in the 1950s and early 60s. The expression is now generally contracted to just "ruby".
Scouse (scouser) Native of Liverpool, Merseyside.
scrote police colloquialism for villain or very low-life person (from scrotum)
scuffers police
senior service (the) The Royal Navy, the first of the armed services be be formally established in England.
shufty (take a ..) Take/have a shufty = take a look.
shag sexual intercourse
sheila (Australian) term used to refer to a female, usually young and pretty, but not necessarily so.
shirty bad tempered.
sickie unofficial day or days off for sickness, the nature of any illness concerned being dubious, if it actually exists at all.
skaggy rough looking (often used to refer to untidy or greasy hair. Not to be confused with Skeggy, which is an affectionate abbreviation for the East Coast holiday resort of Skegness, Lincolnshire.
skin and blister sister. Cockney rhyming slang.
skive to avoid work, duties, or responsibilities. To skive off = take unofficial leave of absence. Skiver = someone who doesn't like working.
sky (sky rocket) pocket. Cockney rhyming slang. Sky rocket = pocket.
slag colloquial police term for a villain (also a woman of very easy virtue).
slapper woman of easy morals.
sling your hook get out, quickly.
smackers pounds sterling. eg twenty smackers = £20. Slang (ie to pound = to smack).
snotty being snotty - having pretensions and ideas above one's station. Stan-offish, or superior air, usually not justified.
snout police informer - usually paid for his information.
snout cigarettes or tobacco - term most frequently used in prisons and among former prisoners.
SP (to give the) London slang - To give the SP (short for starting price) actually means to give someone the full run down on a situation.
spend a penny go to the toilet to urinate.
squaddie slang - soldier - lower ranker.
squire Slang term used to refer to a man: "S'cuse me, squire, can you tell me ..." etc, very much a London/Cockney expression. Historically, a squire was the personal servant of a knight at arms and later was used to refer to a local landowner, as in the Squire of the Manor. This description is still in use in some rural areas today, but whether the "Squire" is actually entitled to be called so is often a matter for conjecture.
stiffy male erection.
stone the crows expression of surprise or disbelief.
strides trousers
stroke (pull a) get away with trickery, work a scam.
stroll on! expression of surprise or disbelief.
suspender (belt) garter belt, for holding up stockings. Generally four vertical (elasticated) extensions, individually referred to as suspenders.
syrup wig. Cockney rhyming slang: Syrup of figs = wig.
tanner sixpenny coin in pre-decimal money. (See also Appendix II - old money).
tap faucet
tap/tap up to approach someone, usually for a loan or favour. eg: "I'll go and see George and see if I can tap him for a fiver."
tasty capable of looking after one's self in a fight, a good fighter or hard man. Example - "A tasty geezer." (See "geezer" above.) Can also be used to describe an attractive female.
tat worthless or shabby goods, also general detritus of living accommodation.
tea-leaf thief. Cockney rhyming slang.
thick stupid. e.g.: "He's thick as two short planks."
tight relatively drunk.
tight (wad) mean person where money is concerned.
tinny (tinnie) (Australian) - term used to refer to any can holding alcohol (usually lager). A tinnie taken from the fridge (it should never be opened warm by an self-respecting drinker) is referred to as a coldie.
titfer hat. Often used to refer to a somewhat ostentatious hat.
todger penis
toe-rag see tow rag
tonker penis
tosser term of abuse - tosser = wanker.
toss pot see "tosser" above.
totter (noun) a trader dealing in other people's rubbish for salvage. Once known as a "rag and bone" man, the rags being recycled, often to produce paper and old bones being ground down to make bone meal fertiliser.
totty attractive female, usually young and single, but not necessarily.
tow-rag an unpleasant, nasty, person. In the days of horse drawn barges on Britain's canal system, the tow rope from the barge to the horse on the tow path was greased to prevent water penetrating its fibres. The canal water was often quite stagnant and full of all manner of strange organisms, so by the end of the day the rope was an unpleasant sight and required cleaning off. The bargee performed this operation using a tow rag, any old piece of cloth or sacking, which in turn soon became a particularly unpleasant thing to handle. This term often appears written, even in newspapers and some dictionaries, as toe-rag, which is completely wrong, which gives cause to wonder just who you can trust these days!
trice (in a trice) quickly, in a short time. To "trice" or "tryce" is to lash up a sail, taken from the old Dutch, where "tryce", or "tryse" means a short pull (and presumably "tricing" a sail was done in such a way that the trice cord could be quickly released to allow the sail to drop).  So, "in a trice" means "in a short pull" - or short time.
trolleys trousers
trouble and strife wife. Cockney rhyming slang.
tuck/tucker food. Old public school terminology.
tuck shop Originally a public school reference. The Tuck Shop was either in the school grounds or just outside and was "sanctioned" by the school for the pupils to use it to buy sweets etc.
tuppeny ha'penny cheap, worthless. (See also Appendix II - old money).
tweenie A maid with general duties, combining chamber maiding with kitchen maid duties, etc. She was a "tweenie" or "between floors" maid.
uppers on your uppers - down on your luck (severely so).
up the spout slang - pregnant.
wally silly person, lacking in common sense. Historically, a wally was a young man who dressed well and was often seen about town in fashionable circles, but then the Regency rakes started to act in public in such a way that the name fell into disrepute.
whistle suit (usually gent's suit). Cockney rhyming slang: Whistle and flute = suit.

Appendix I - POLICE RANKS AND PROTOCOL in the UNITED KINGDOM

Until recently, many of the ranks shown below were preceded by the letter "W" to indicate a female holding the rank in question, but sexual equality and PC have seen that tradition scrapped. However, I have shown the W's where they used to apply and if you are writing a story set before about 1990, it is correct to use them. Ranks for both uniformed branch and CID (Criminal Investigation Department) start at the lowest and go upwards.

Where abbreviations are/were in common usage, they are shown first.

UNIFORMED POLICE

CID

(W)PC - (Woman) Police Constable (W)DC - (Woman) Detective Constable
(Woman) Sergeant (W)DS - (Woman) Detective Sergeant
Inspector DI - Detective Inspector
Chief Inspector DCI - Detective Chief Inspector
Superintendent Detective Superintendent
Chief Superintendent Detective Chief Superintendent

Above these ranks we have Commander, Assitant Commissioner, Commissioner and Chief Constables and Assistant Chief Constables, but these all have different functions. The rank of Commander, for instance, is seldom seen outside of either Scotland Yard (Metrolpolitan Police, London) or the administrative offices at Regional or County Headquarters and the same can broadly be said of the other senior ranks, apart from Chief and Assistant Chief Constables.

By and large, with the exception of certain national task forces, the British police force is divided into a county structure and each county division is headed by a Chief Constable, usually with a Deputy Chief Constable and one or two Assistant Chief Constables under him or her. I stand to be corrected on this, but I'm pretty certain, at this time of writing, that there has never yet been a female Chief Constable anywhere in the UK..

Within each county division there are sometimes regional sub-divisions and these are then further divided into individual police stations. Each police station is usually under the control of either a Superintendent or Chief Superintendent, depending upon its size and importance. In smaller stations it may be that the senior officer is a Chief Inspector and small rural outposts may have only an Inspector, or even a Sergeant, in immediate charge, though they will generally be answerable to a larger divisional station.

As far as I know, a station is never under the charge of an officer from CID. If the local station has a senior CID officer of (say) Detective Inspector rank, generally there will be either a uniformed branch Chief Inspector in charge. On the rare occasion when the senior ranks from Uniform and CID are equal, the actual running of the station falls to the uniformed man. The CID department in a station will be at least nominally under the overall command of any uniformed officer in that station above the rank of the senior CID officer there. Uniformed officers are nominally only answerable to a senior uniformed officer, though of course respect and deference will generally(!) be shown to a CID officer of senior rank.

Matters relating to criminal misuse of drugs are usually referred to a separate Drugs Squad, usually CID officers. One Drugs Squad will generally work out of whichever local station is most convenient and cover the area, or "manor" of several other stations in their division.

The Flying Squad is something else again. Nick-named The Sweeney (Sweeney Todd = Flying Squad) they operate mainly in the London area, though with discretion to go just about anywhere in the country their cases may take them. Apart from Rapid Reaction Forces and Special Protection Squads (Diplomats and VIPs, etc) these are the only British police officers who regularly carry arms, although there is also Special Branch (anti-terrorist, etc) who will draw and carry arms whenever circumstances dictate.

Not every British police officer is permitted to carry firearms. There are rigorous specialist training courses and regular refresher and assessment courses, which must be passed and maintained and even qualified firearms personnel must obtain special permission to draw arms, usually granted by an officer not below the rank of Inspector and frequently requiring an even higher authority.

Before closing, I'd like to say that yes, CID officers will call their superiors (Detective Inspectors and sometime Detective Chief Inspectors) "Guv", or "Guv'nor" and CID officers still often refer to their sergeants as "Skip", or "Skipper", this latter practice prevalent more among London police and the Flying Squad. Uniformed PCs will call their sergeants "Sarge", however and nowadays, woe betide any uniformed officer who refers to his uniformed Inspector as "Guv".

Officers of Inspector rank and above will either be referred to by their full titles (or Guv etc in CID, where appropriate) or else be referred to as Mr. So-and-so, Mrs So-and-so, etc when not in their presence. The direct address of a junior officer to an Inspector or above will also usually be preceded by "Sir", or "Ma'am" in the case of a female.

The above is only intended as a rough guide and not definitive - there are plenty of books available and I would recommend any writer considering setting a story against a British police background to read one or two of them. Our police force is a culture all of its own and full of pitfalls for the unwary author, so don't say you haven't been warned!


Appendix II - Pre-Decimal Money (Old Money)

In February 1971, Britain was dragged, largely screaming and protesting, into the decimal money age, since when there have been 100 new pennies (np, p, or new pees or pence) to the pound. Kids ever since have been eternally grateful to have such a simple system to learn, but the old money still lives on in memories and in certain expressions still in use.

I will therefore now try to unravel the mysteries and vagaries of the system:-

Basically, in the old system, there were 240 pennies to the pound, basically because once upon a time 240 pennies actually weighed a pound. Coins started with the half penny, or ha'penny (pronounced hayp'nny, with the final "e" not pronounced at all). Actually, there were also farthing coins until the late fifties, four farthing making one old penny. Curiously (laughs) these coins were referred to affectionately as "jennys", because they had a wren, or jenny wren, on the obverse side.

(NB: Jennys, or Jenny Wrens are also women serving in the Royal Navy, originally from the WRNS [Women's Royal Navy Service] and now part of the Senior Service itself.)

So, let's progress: and try to tabulate all this:-

One pound = 240 old pennies

3 old pennies = thruppence (threepenny coin, once called a Joey, or Silver Joey, because they were once made from silver.

6 old pennies = a tanner (sixpenny coin)

12 old pennies = 1 shilling ( a bob).

2 shillings = one florin (or two bob)

2 shillings and 6 pence = half a crown, or two and six, or two and a tanner.

Before decimalization the coins in usage (including some which had gone out of use in the previous two or three decades) were as follows:-

Farthing, halfpenny, penny, threepenny piece, sixpence, shilling, florin and half crown. Five shilling coins (crowns) were only minted for commemorative purposes and soon acquired a value far above face. Crowns are still minted for such purposes now, though very rarely.

Another term that sometimes confuses (especially Brit youngsters nowadays) is "guinea". A guinea was worth one pound one shilling, in old money, or one pound and five pence in decimal money. Coins were minted once upon a long time ago, but not for many, many years now. However, bloodstock auctions (race horses) are still conducted in guineas and two of our biggest horse races are the One Thousand Guineas Stakes and the Two Thousand Guineas Stakes. Curiously, in the past few years, the prize money for the Thousand Guineas has been higher than for the Two Thousand Guineas, and in both cases it's now certainly more than the names would suggest!

The bank notes in circulation were: ten shillings, one pound, five pounds, ten pounds and twenty pounds, with a fifty pound note being added after decimalisation. In Scotland and in Northern Ireland a one hundred pound note was also in use.

All British bank notes issued by the Bank of England since the 1680s are still legal tender; however, out of circulation notes are nowadays worth considerably more than their face value on the collectors' market.

Finally, to the "quid". Many of you will already know this, but for those of you who don't, a "quid" is simply a slang name for a pound sterling. Therefore, fifty quid = £50.

 


Appendix III - The Judicial System in England and Wales

This little section does not include the judicial system in Scotland, which has very much its own way of doing things. For instance, in a court of law in England or Wales, there are only two verdicts that can be returned: Guilty or Not Guilty, whereas in Scotland there is a third verdict, that of Not Proven. Cynics have been heard to suggest that this is a subtle way of saying: "Well, there isn't enough evidence to convict you beyond all reasonable doubt, but we're pretty damned sure you did do it, you shifty, lying bastard."

Anyway, leaving the land of kilt, sporran, haggis and fine whisky aside, let's progress onto a few basics concerning England and Wales and what happens when a criminal matter comes to court. Civil proceedings are completely different and handled in either a County Court, or, for more serious matters, in the High Court in London.

1) The Criminal Prosecution Service - The CPS

In recent years, the resposibility for taking a decision whether or not to try to prosecute a case has been taken out of the direct hands of the police and passed to the CPS, who are an independent body of lawyers. They will weigh all the evidence in hand and decide whether, in their opinion, there is at least a reasonable chance of obtaining a verdict.

2) The Magistrates Court

Initially, every criminal case must be presented before a Magistrates Court, where it will be decided if the matter is minor enough to be dealt with there, or whether it is too serious and should be referred or "committed" for trial before a Judge in the Crown Court.

Magistrates are lay people, that is to say that they generally have no formal legal training, and come from all walks of life. Any citizen is entitled to put him or herself forward to become a magistrate, provided they do not have an unexpired criminal record.

Almost invariable, there is a "bench" of three magistrates sitting together, one of whom will have been appointed to act as chairman for the sitting. Proceedings are watched over by the Clerk of the Court, a highly qualified lawyer, who in reality conducts things, although nominally it is the Chairman of the bench who is seen to preside. The Clerk of the Court (or Magistrates Clerk, as he or she is also known) does not take any active role in the magistrates' deliberations as to a verdict.

Apart from a few minor matters, a defendant has the right to ask to be tried by a jury, rather than by the magistrates, although there are currently moves afoot to limit this right severely. Mostly, however, for matters that are within the remit of a Magistrates Court to deal with, defendants who think they'll probably be found guilty anyway are inclined to waive this right, as the penalties that can be imposed by a Magistrates Court are considerably lighter.

In the more serious cases - ie those carrying maximum panalties higher than those magistrates can impose - once the CPS has decided that there is sufficient evidence to warrant a prosecution, the case is first presented before the magistrates, with a view to committing it to a Crown Court, where it will be tried by a jury, before a presiding judge.

When the evidence has been presented before the magistrates, they will then decide if there is actually a case to answer. By and large, this is nowadays a formality, as the more spurious cases will have been rejected by the CPS before this stage.

3. The Crown Court

Presided over by a judge, the case is actually "tried" by a jury of twelve men and women. Apart from in a few less serious matters, prosecution and defence counsels will be barristers, highly trained and specialised within their fields. Senior barristers (selected by the Lord Chief Justice) are called QCs (Queen's Counsels) and are said to have "taken silk", which means they can, if they choose, wear a robe made of silk, although in practice very few ever do except for ceremonial occasions.

Judges are selected from among the ranks of Queen's Counsels and are therefore very experienced and very highly qualified in their particular field, in this case criminal law. As in other countries, the Judge is ultimately responsible for passing sentence on a convicted criminal.

Solicitors (basically less qualified lawyers than barristers) can occasionally defend a person facing certain less serious charges in a Crown Court, but mainly they are responsible for "briefing" a barrister to undertake this duty. For this reason, in underworld slang, both solicitors and barristers are referred to as "briefs".


Appendix IV - Cockney Rhyming Slang (General Hints)

Anyone who has ever seen Mary Poppins will not need me to explain to them that "apples and pairs" is Cockney rhyming slang for "stairs" and no self-respecting Brit could pass up an opportunity to say now that Dick van Dyke's "Cockney" accent has been the source of much mirth and general mockery on this side of the Great Pond ever since the film first appeared here. If you want to hear a genuine Cockney accent, try Bob Hoskins in films like The Long Good Friday, or several of the characters in Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels.

However, I digress, if only slightly. "Cockney" was originally a term used to describe Londoners born within the sound of Bow Bells, but has since been widened by general acceptance to include almost any east Londoner, which is probably only fair, as the sound carry of the bells at that church would vary considerably, depending upon wind strength and direction and the time of day or night, when traffic noise would be higher or lower.

One opinion is that rhyming slang originally developed as a sort of code, so that infiltrators (police informers from outside the immediate area) would not be able to understand whatever was being discussed, but as the practice dates back centuries, the likelihood is that none of us will ever know for sure, but rhyming slang does reflect the sense of humour long associated with Cockneys.

Care should be exercised in using or writing about Cockney rhyming slang. Generally, the actual "slang" element comprises two or three words, as in "plates of meat", meaning feet, but it would be rare for a Cockney to use the full expression; rather he would refer to: "my poor plates are killing me today", using only the first element of the expression. "Sky rocket" (pocket, is invariably contracted to "sky", "frog and toad" (road), becomes simply "frog" and so on.

However, "skin and blister" (sister) is more often used in its full form and "daisies" or "daisy roots" (boots) appears as often in one form as it does in the other. Why? Don't ask me. I've asked genuine Cockneys the same question and they don't know the answer, either.

Maybe we could try writing a letter to Dick van Dyke ...


Appendix V - Influence of Australian Slang on British English (and Vice-Versa)

In recent years, British television has been invaded by a plethera of Australian films and soap operas, bringing with them a daily exposure to such terms as "arvo", meaning afternoon and "dunny", the lavatory. With most of my friends, the most popular Aussie-ism is "coldie", meaning a cold can of drink, almost invariably lager, but then that's more a reflection of me and the sort of company I keep.

Curiously, quite a lot of the words now coming back home from the antipodes actually started life in Britain, if not in their exact present day form, then in a form very close to it and quite often traceable back to our good old favourite Cockney rhyming slang and London underworld expressions. This is hardly surprising, considering that britain originally used Australia as a dumping ground for "transported" criminals, many of whom would have been Londoners.

Later on, during the days of the British Raj in India and during two world wars, Australian and New Zealand soldiers, sailors and airmen served all over the globe and, like their British counterparts, would have taken back terms from Arabic, Hindi, Urdu and many other languages and dialects. One terrific word, "dunny" meaning an outside toilet, is listed in most dictionaries as "20th Century, Aus and NZ, origin obscure", but as dun is a colour, neutral grey to brown, we can perhaps let our imaginations have a little rein here. Dung is also animal manure, so maybe there's a connection there, too?

In short, the overall result is that some Australian words were possibly in use in the UK long before they made the long journey with the aid of TV shows and some probably weren't. In the Britionary I've accredited the most likely from the latter category - if I'm wrong, please accept the apologies of a well-meaning Pom (English person to Aussies and Kiwis, for those of you who don't know. Pom or Pommie, origin obscure according to the dictionary, though thought by some to have some connection with pomegranates. Oh well ...)


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